More recently, scholars have highlighted similar population aging processes in Least Developed Countries (LDCs), which have typically been immigrant-sending countries. Studies suggest that, with historical inflow levels, immigration does not offset population aging, although it sustains population growth and modifies the age structure ( Beaujot, 2002, 2003 Coleman, 2002, 2008 Lutz & Scherbov, 2002 Paterno, 2011 United Nations, 2000 Zaiceva & Zimmermann, 2016).īecause developed countries are usually immigrant-receiving countries, most studies usually focus on the impact of immigration in demographic dynamics and aging, rather than on the effects of outmigration.
The impact of international migration on demographic dynamics to address the problems caused by population aging, has been widely studied in developed countries since the 1990s, particularly in Europe and traditional immigration countries, such as Canada and the United States ( Bongaarts, 2004 Canales, 2015 Coleman, 2008 Lesthaeghe, Page, & Surkyn, 1991 Passel & Cohn, 2017 Philipov & Schuster, 2010 Plane, 1993).
In later work, estimations are refined in their 11-parameter mathematical model for migration rates by age, known as the multiexponential model migration schedule, considering the intensity of migration according to labor force and retirement ages ( Rogers, Castro, & Lea, 2005). In the pioneer work on this issue, Rogers & Castro ( 1981) developed a system of model migration schedules to estimate regularities in the age patterns of migration showing these age-concentrations globally, but also highlighting how age patterns are associated with cause of migration. The age structure of migration has been broadly studied in demography showing that there are age-specific gross migration flows regularities, as in fertility and mortality in other words, migrants tend to be concentrated in certain ages: children, youth and working ages. Demographers expect that migration will become more relevant in population aging over time, especially in low-fertility countries with stable or declining population size ( Gavrilov & Heuveline, 2003). However, these processes might not be the same everywhere. Population aging in origin countries may be accelerated by immigration of elderly retirees from other countries, and return migration of former emigrants who are above the average population age. Whereas immigration rejuvenates a population by increasing the number of young adults and children, emigration of the working-age population could accelerate population aging of sending countries, as observed in some Caribbean nations. According to Gavrilov & Heuveline ( 2003), immigration slows down population aging because it increases the reproductive potential of receiving countries. The rate of population aging is regulated by migration, both in sending and destination contexts.
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